Here are annotated hydrogen references in a form that is readable by most 
bibliography program.  


.__________________________________/__________________________________.
 Norman L. Johnson, Ph.D.          \      office : 505-667-9094
 Technical Staff Member            /          fax:     665-5926
 Fluid Mechanics Group             \       e-mail: nlj@lanl.gov
 Theoretical Division              /   paper addr: MS B216, T-3, LANL
 Loc: TA-03  Bldg 0123  Room 260   \               Los Alamos, NM 87545
.__________________________________/__________________________________.
                    Los Alamos National Laboratory
 

________________________________________________________________________
Key:

%0 reference type
%A author
%D year
%T title
%J journal name
%V volume
%P page or page range
%K keyword
%O my comments

_______________________________________________________________________

%0 Journal Article
%A Al-Khishali, K.J.
%A Bradley, D.
%D 1983
%T Turbulent Combustion of Near-Limit Hydrogen-Air Mixtures
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 54
%P 61-70
%K Hydrogen
%O Experiments on the combustion of hydrogen at extremely lean mixtures
(5-10% by volume) in the presence of turbulence. Conclusion: some
turbulence extends the lean combustion limit.

%0 Journal Article
%A Andrews, G.E.
%A Bradley, D.
%D 1973
%T Determination of Burning Velocity by Double Ignition in a Closed Vessel
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 20
%P 77-89
%K Hydrogen
%O Original paper on experimental method for measuring flame speed in
combustion bomb with double spark.

%0 Journal Article
%A Collier, Kirk
%A Hoekstra, Robert L.
%A Mulligan, Neal
%A Jones, Charles
%A Hahn, Douglas
%D 1996
%T Untreated Exhaust Emissions of a Hydrogen-Enriched CNG Production Engine
Conversion
%J SAE
%V
%N 960858
%K Hydrogen
%O Similar data as in SAE 961103.  Major demonstration of extremely low NOx
in methane fuels with moderate (30%) addition of hydrogen, with no
compromise in efficiency.  Data based on spark-ignited V-8.

%0 Journal Article
%A Hoekstra, Robert L.
%A Blarigan, Peter Van
%A Mulligan, Neal
%D 1996
%T NOx Emissions and Efficiency of Hydrogen, Natural Gas and
Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blended Fuels
%J SAE 961103
%V Spring Fuels and Lubs Meeting
%N 961103
%K Hydrogen
%O Summary and discussion from most recent Onan engine data from Sandia,
for hydrogen and hydrogen/methane fuels.  Includes comparison to Hoekstra's
engine data at Univ. of Central Florida.

%0 Journal Article
%A Koroll, G.W.
%A Kumar, R.K.
%A Bowles, E.M.
%D 1993
%T Burning Velocities of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures
%J Comb. and Flames
%V 94
%P 330-340
%K Hydrogen
%O Experimental data and curve fits for flame velocities for hydrogen-air
mixtures, with and without turbulence.  Very good pictures of complexity of
the turbulent flame front. This is the most complete data I've found for
the effect of turbulence on the flame speed.

%0 Journal Article
%A Kwon, M.S.
%A Driscoll, J.F.
%A Faeth, G.M.
%D 1990
%T Turbulent Premixed Hydrogen/Air Flames at High Reynolds Numbers
%J Comb. Sci. and Tech.
%V 73
%P 327-350
%K Hydrogen, Turbulence, Combustion
%O One of many papers by the Univ of Mich. group.  Experimental data for
hydrogen turbulent combustion, using both burners and combustion bombs.
Focuses mostly on burner data and velocities in the burner.  Makes
comparison to current models for combustion and concludes that they are
partially deficient because they ignore the diffusive-thermal (Lewis
number) instability of hydrogen combustion. Good schlieren photos of
unstable nature of laminar and turbulent flame fronts.

%0 Journal Article
%A Kwon, S.
%A Tseng, L.K.
%A Faeth, G.M.
%D 1992
%T Laminar Burning Velocities and Transition to Unstable Flames in H2/O2/N2
and C3H8/O2/N2 Mixtures
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 90
%P 230-246
%K Hydrogen
%O One of many papers by the Univ of Mich. group.  Experimental data for
hydrogen and propane laminar combustion, focusing on the unstable nature of
the flame front.  Argues that hydrogen combustion is different than other
hydrocarbon combustion due to the Lewis number effect, as exemplified that
the maximum adiabatic flame temperature occurs at a significantly different
fuel equivalence ratio (1.0) than the maximum flame speed (1.8) - in
contrast to hydrocarbon fuels. No current theories duplicate this effect.

%0 Journal Article
%A Kwon, S.
%A Wu, M.S.
%A Driscoll, J.F.
%A Faeth, G.M.
%D 1992
%T Flame Surface Properties of Premixed Flames in Isotropic Turbulence:
Measurements and Numerical Simulations
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 88
%P 221-238
%K Hydrogen
%O One of many papers by the Univ of Mich. group. Similar to the 1990
paper, except additional treatment of the shape and variability of the
flame front in the burner.  Include an effort to model the burner using a
2D simulation.  Concludes the effect of turbulence on flame properties
(surface fractal dimension, turbulent/laminar flame perimeters, flame
radius fluctuations) are underestimated by the simulations.

%0 Journal Article
%A Liu, D.D.S.
%A MacFarlane, R.
%D 1983
%T Laminar Burning Velocities of Hydrogen-Air and Hydrogen-Air-Steam Flames
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 49
%P 59-71
%K Hydrogen
%O Data on flame velocities for hydrogen-air and hydrogen-steam-air
mixtures as a function of temperature and unburned gases.  Included
temperatures up to 250 K.

%0 Journal Article
%A Meier, F.
%A Kšhler, J.
%A Stolz, W.
%A Bloss, W. H.
%A Al-Garni, M.
%D 1994
%T Cycle-Resolved Hydrogen Flame Speed Measurements with High Speed
Schlieren Technique in a Hydrogen Direct Injection SI Engine
%J SAE
%V
%N 942036
%K hydrogen, combustion
%O Flame speed data from an operating engine with Schlieren pictures of
flame front progression at different rpm (600, 1200, 1800).  Contains
limited turbulent combustion data of hydrogen.  Many different fuel
injection techniques were examined (external, internal (early and late)).
%0 Journal Article
%A Rutland, C.J.
%A Trouve, A.
%D 1993
%T Direct Simulations of Premixed Turbulent Flames with Nonunity Lewis Numbers
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 94
%P 41-57
%K DNS, Hydrogen, Combustion
%O Contains discussion on local and global effect of nonunity Lewis number.
Concludes that for the conditions examined the Lewis number effect on
curvature is strong at the local or laminar sizes, but less important on
the global scale of the turbulent flame front.

%0 Journal Article
%A Ting, David S-K.
%A Checkel, M. David
%A Johansson, Bengt
%D 1995
%T The Importance of High-Frequency, Small-Eddy Turbulence in Spark
Ignited, Premixed Engine Combustion
%J SAE Technical Paper Series
%V
%N 952409
%K methane, combustion, turbulence
%O Also see SAE 952410. Experimental study of methane flame speed with
different levels of turbulence, both eddy and integral. Contains some data
on flame speed versus turbulence intensity for methane at 100 KPa and 300K.
Very interesting paper that examines the turbulent length scales (4 kHz or
0.5mm) that most influence flame propagation. Concludes that (1) increasing
small scales increase turbulent flame speed, while holding u' constant, (2)
no correlation between large scale turbulence or bulk flow and early
spark-ignited flame growth.

%0 Journal Article
%A Ting, David S.K.
%A Checkel, M. David
%D 1995
%T The Effects of Turbulence of Spark-Ignited, Ultra Lean, Premixed
Methane-Air Flame Growth in a Combustion Chamber
%J SAE
%V
%N 952410
%K Hydrogen
%O Some data on methane/air flame speed with respect to turbulence levels
as obtained from an experimental engine.  Also see SAE paper 952409.
Experimental examination of the feasibility of a ultra-lean methane engine
using turbulence to enhance the combustion rate.   They observe as much as
a 30 times increase in the flame velocity from laminar to turbulent
conditions.  Note that the laminar flame front for methane is unstable at
lean fuel mixtures (<0.74).  Argues the importance of multiple spark
ignition to overcome cycle-to-cycle variability.  Turbulent quenching was
observed, unlike hydrogen.

%0 Journal Article
%A Tseng, L.K.
%A Ismail, M.A.
%A Faeth, G.M.
%D 1993
%T Laminar Burning Velocities and Markstein Numbers of Hydrocarbon/Air Flames
%J Comb. and Flame
%V 95
%P 410-426
%K Methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, hydrocarbon gas, Combustion
%O One of many papers by the Univ of Mich. group.  This paper is a
duplication of the effort for hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethane, ethylene,
propane) that was done in the 1992 paper for hydrogen, looking at the
effect of the thermal-diffusion instability on combustion.  Fuel
equivalency ratios at STP where the laminar flame is unstable are: < 1.5,
methane < 0.74, ethane > 1.68, propane >1.44, ethylene > 1.95.  They
develop correlations for the effect of preferential diffusion and stretch
on the flame speed.   They still conclude that hydrogen combustion is
different that hydrocarbon combustion.

%0 Journal Article
%A Warnatz, Jurgen
%D 1981
%T Concentration-, Pressure-, and Temperature-Dependence of the Flame
Velocity in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixtures
%J Comb. Sci. Tech.
%V 26
%P 203-213
%K Hydrogen
%O Proposes and test a reduced 18 equation kinetic model for hydrogen
combustion that includes initial pressure and temperature effects.
Discusses in detail the two chain mechanisms.  Also examines the
application of slow NOx kinetics and finds they are more accurate than for
hydrocarbon gases combustion, due to the absence of a promt NOx mechanism.

%0 Journal Article
%A Wu, M.S.
%A Kwon, S.
%A Driscoll, J.F.
%A Faeth, G.M.
%D 1991
%T Preferential Diffusion Effects on the Surface Structure of Turbulent
Premixed Hydrogen/Air Flames
%J Comb. Sci. Tech.
%V 78
%P 69-96
%K Hydrogen
%O One of many papers by the Univ of Mich. group. The precursor of the 1991
paper by Kwon, et al..  Treatment of the shape and variability of the flame
front in the burner with respect to turbulence intensity and stability
condition for preferential diffusion.  Burner data only.

%0 Journal Article
%A Metghalchi, M.
%A Keck, J. C.
%D 1980
%T Laminar Burning Velocity of Propane-Air Mixtures at High Temperature and Pressure
%J Combustion and Flame
%V 38
%P 143-154
%K propane, combustion, high pressure, high temperature, burning velocities
%O Basis for the temperature and pressure correlations for some of the later hydrogen paper.  Uncertain if propane data is appropriate for hydrogen, given the different mechanisms.